https://wiki.apoe4.info/w/index.php?title=Insulin_Resistance&feed=atom&action=historyInsulin Resistance - Revision history2024-03-29T04:38:03ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.36.2https://wiki.apoe4.info/w/index.php?title=Insulin_Resistance&diff=4476&oldid=prevTheresab: /* Take it easy on red meat */ added amino acids as potential fctor under red meat2023-12-03T23:24:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Take it easy on red meat: </span> added amino acids as potential fctor under red meat</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::'''Nitrosamines''' Nitrosamines are widely present in processed food. Nitrates and nitrites are added to meat during the curing process or as a way to preserve meat. When they're heated and eaten, the nitrates and nitrites get converted into nitrosamines. The research from this paper hypothesizes that chronic human exposure to nitrosamine compounds contributes to the pathogenesis of T2DM [Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus], NASH/MASH [nonalcoholic steatohepatitis more recently identified as Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis.] and AD [Alzheimer’s Disease]. In early 2023, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) assessed that exposure to nitrosamines is a health concern. [https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/nitrosamines-food-raise-health-concern#:~:text=Which%20foods%20contain%20nitrosamines%3F,is%20meat%20and%20meat%20products Nitrosamines in food raise a health concern ]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::'''Nitrosamines''' Nitrosamines are widely present in processed food. Nitrates and nitrites are added to meat during the curing process or as a way to preserve meat. When they're heated and eaten, the nitrates and nitrites get converted into nitrosamines. The research from this paper hypothesizes that chronic human exposure to nitrosamine compounds contributes to the pathogenesis of T2DM [Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus], NASH/MASH [nonalcoholic steatohepatitis more recently identified as Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis.] and AD [Alzheimer’s Disease]. In early 2023, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) assessed that exposure to nitrosamines is a health concern. [https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/nitrosamines-food-raise-health-concern#:~:text=Which%20foods%20contain%20nitrosamines%3F,is%20meat%20and%20meat%20products Nitrosamines in food raise a health concern ]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:: '''Amino Acids''' This study [https://www.news-medical.net/news/20231122/Study-links-high-dietary-amino-acid-intake-to-increased-type-2-diabetes-risk.aspx '''Study links high dietary amino acid intake to increased type 2 diabetes risk'''] (Farid Najafi et al, 18 Nov 2023) found significant associations between the risk of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) which is insulin resistance to its farthest extreme and higher intakes of certain amino acids. The results showed that the risk of developing a new T2D was higher for individuals in the fourth quartile of branched-chain amino acids, alkaline, sulfate, and essential amino acids than in the lower quartile.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Exercise ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Exercise ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Theresabhttps://wiki.apoe4.info/w/index.php?title=Insulin_Resistance&diff=4475&oldid=prevTheresab: /* Strategies to Lower Insulin Resistance */ added findings of meat contributing to insulin resistance2023-12-03T23:11:16Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Strategies to Lower Insulin Resistance: </span> added findings of meat contributing to insulin resistance</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Limit fruit === </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Limit fruit === </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This includes some fruits that we think are vegetables, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, zucchini, and peppers. Fruits contain fructose which contributes to fat storage but can be deceiving if tracking blood sugar levels. Unlike glucose, which can be metabolized throughout the body, fructose is metabolized almost completely in the liver. Fructose does not raise insulin as quickly as glucose does: see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructolysis Fructolysis] When insulin is released in the body, the hormone leptin is also released. Leptin is known as the “satiety hormone" ; it suppresses hunger. So while fruits hold certain healthful qualities, they do not release leptin; therefore, fruit does not make a person feel full, which may lead to overeating. Also, cancer cells prefer to ferment fructose rather than glucose: see [http://www.reuters.com/article/cancer-fructose-idAFN0210830520100802 Cancer and Fructose] Moreover, fructose is hard on the kidneys ([http://ajprenal.physiology.org/content/293/4/F1256 Michael S. Gersch, et al., 2007]). Humans only used to eat fruit when it was in season, and that was generally before winter, so the fruit helped “fatten” them up before lean times. Thus, some believe that the human body is not “designed” to eat grocery store available fruit year round. So eat fruit judiciously.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This includes some fruits that we think are vegetables, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, zucchini, and peppers. Fruits contain fructose which contributes to fat storage but can be deceiving if tracking blood sugar levels. Unlike glucose, which can be metabolized throughout the body, fructose is metabolized almost completely in the liver. Fructose does not raise insulin as quickly as glucose does: see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructolysis Fructolysis] When insulin is released in the body, the hormone leptin is also released. Leptin is known as the “satiety hormone" ; it suppresses hunger. So while fruits hold certain healthful qualities, they do not release leptin; therefore, fruit does not make a person feel full, which may lead to overeating. Also, cancer cells prefer to ferment fructose rather than glucose: see [http://www.reuters.com/article/cancer-fructose-idAFN0210830520100802 Cancer and Fructose] Moreover, fructose is hard on the kidneys ([http://ajprenal.physiology.org/content/293/4/F1256 Michael S. Gersch, et al., 2007]). Humans only used to eat fruit when it was in season, and that was generally before winter, so the fruit helped “fatten” them up before lean times. Thus, some believe that the human body is not “designed” to eat grocery store available fruit year round. So eat fruit judiciously.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== Exercise ===</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Healthy muscles make cells more sensitive to the insulin, plus many other benefits for ApoE4s, such as increasing BDNF, reducing stress, maintaining brain volume. See [[Exercise - Types, Lengths, and Benefits]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Food impact on insulin.jpg|thumbnail|right|Certain types of food elevate insulin more than others]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Eat good fats ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Eat good fats ===</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One can ingest products to raise ketones in the body which can improve cognition. See [[Coconut Oil, MCT oil, and other Ketone/Cognition Boosters (salts, esters)]] but a ketogenic diet, where the ketones originate from within the body, not only provides fuel for an energy starved brain, it can help reverse the very insulin resistance that is causing damage to the brain resulting in ultimate impaired brain function. See [[Ketosis and Ketogenic Diet]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One can ingest products to raise ketones in the body which can improve cognition. See [[Coconut Oil, MCT oil, and other Ketone/Cognition Boosters (salts, esters)]] but a ketogenic diet, where the ketones originate from within the body, not only provides fuel for an energy starved brain, it can help reverse the very insulin resistance that is causing damage to the brain resulting in ultimate impaired brain function. See [[Ketosis and Ketogenic Diet]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== Take it easy on red meat ===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In this paper [https://ajcn.nutrition.org/article/S0002-9165(23)66119-2/fulltext '''Red meat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort study of United States females and males''' ] (Xiao Gu et al, 19 Oct 2023) researchers tracked the eating habits of more than 200,000 people enrolled in long-term health studies for up to 36 years and found that those who regularly consumed a lot of red meat — more than a serving per day — had a significantly higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">How can this be? The conventional wisdom is too much sugar or carbohydrates leads to insulin resistance and meat has no sugar or carbohydrates. The exact cause(s) is/are not known, but some potential factors include: </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">::'''Heme in red meat''' There's evidence that heme iron in red meat may damage the cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin. Heme-iron has been associated with a higher pancreatic cancer risk. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">::'''TMAO''' The abbreviation for trimethylamine N-oxide, TMAO is a metabolite produced by gut bacteria. Various sources of red meat are rich in dietary TMAO precursors (choline, l-carnitine, betaine, and other TMA-containing compounds). TMAO can be inflammatory. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">::'''Nitrosamines''' Nitrosamines are widely present in processed food. Nitrates and nitrites are added to meat during the curing process or as a way to preserve meat. When they're heated and eaten, the nitrates and nitrites get converted into nitrosamines. The research from this paper hypothesizes that chronic human exposure to nitrosamine compounds contributes to the pathogenesis of T2DM [Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus], NASH/MASH [nonalcoholic steatohepatitis more recently identified as Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis.] and AD [Alzheimer’s Disease]. In early 2023, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) assessed that exposure to nitrosamines is a health concern. [https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/nitrosamines-food-raise-health-concern#:~:text=Which%20foods%20contain%20nitrosamines%3F,is%20meat%20and%20meat%20products Nitrosamines in food raise a health concern ]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== Exercise ===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Healthy muscles make cells more sensitive to the insulin, plus many other benefits for ApoE4s, such as increasing BDNF, reducing stress, maintaining brain volume. See [[Exercise - Types, Lengths, and Benefits]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Food impact on insulin.jpg|thumbnail|right|Certain types of food elevate insulin more than others]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Incorporate fasting/intermittent fasting ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Incorporate fasting/intermittent fasting ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Theresabhttps://wiki.apoe4.info/w/index.php?title=Insulin_Resistance&diff=4432&oldid=prevTheresab: /* A guide to associated terms */ updated terms NAFLD and NASH with MASLD and MASH2023-09-30T11:56:58Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">A guide to associated terms: </span> updated terms NAFLD and NASH with MASLD and MASH</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Why it is important for ApoE4s ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Why it is important for ApoE4s ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* We know that E4 carriers typically have <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a </del>higher levels of amyloid beta, up to 2.7 times higher than E3 carriers. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3493562/ Tadafumi Hashimoto, et al., 2012]). The body normally uses insulin-degrading enzyme to degrade insulin so blood sugar doesn't go too low. But, it is also used to degrade amyloid beta. With continuing high levels of blood glucose and insulin, insulin competes with amyloid beta for IDE. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16399206 Qiu WQ1, Folstein MF, 2006]) Producing higher levels of amyloid with less degradation is not a good combination.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* We know that E4 carriers typically have higher levels of amyloid beta, up to 2.7 times higher than E3 carriers. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3493562/ Tadafumi Hashimoto, et al., 2012]). The body normally uses insulin-degrading enzyme to degrade insulin so blood sugar doesn't go too low. But, it is also used to degrade amyloid beta. With continuing high levels of blood glucose and insulin, insulin competes with amyloid beta for IDE. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16399206 Qiu WQ1, Folstein MF, 2006]) Producing higher levels of amyloid with less degradation is not a good combination.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* E3/E4 and E4/E4s have a higher risk of coronary heart disease than other genotypes. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5102878/ Min Xu, et al., 2016]) Because insulin resistance, as measured by HOMA-IR, appears to be independently associated with greater risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in non-diabetic adults, it is one risk factor we can control. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28811358 Zhang X., et al., 2017])</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* E3/E4 and E4/E4s have a higher risk of coronary heart disease than other genotypes. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5102878/ Min Xu, et al., 2016]) Because insulin resistance, as measured by HOMA-IR, appears to be independently associated with greater risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in non-diabetic adults, it is one risk factor we can control. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28811358 Zhang X., et al., 2017])</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Gluconeogenesis''' – The process of turning non-carbohydrate sources (such as protein) into glucose within the body. Primarily occurs in the liver. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Gluconeogenesis''' – The process of turning non-carbohydrate sources (such as protein) into glucose within the body. Primarily occurs in the liver. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </del>– <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>Also <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">referred to </del>as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD)''' or '''</del>Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)''' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">after the condition progresses. </del> This condition develops under persistent insulin exposure when the liver accumulates fat <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(not </del>due to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">alcohol)</del>. This fatty liver is insulin resistant which leads to abnormalities in liver function. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> In </del>NAFLD there is little or no inflammation or liver cell damage<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. In </del>NASH there is inflammation and liver cell damage in addition to fat in the liver. A fatty liver can precede Type 2 diabetes. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>A fatty liver is insulin resistant, so it’s not regulated by insulin appropriately, as a result throughout the night the liver secretes more and more glucose even though the body doesn't need it. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>When people with fatty liver wake up in the morning they will have high glucose even though they haven’t eaten for 8-10 hours. When the liver tries to decompress itself from fat, it makes triglycerides through '''de novo lipogenesis'''. A person with high triglycerides, low HDL, and small dense LDLs is likely to have fatty liver even if they are a lean/normal weight person. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868960 Højland Ipsen D, et al., 2016])</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) formerly </ins>Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) – Also <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MASH Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis formerly known </ins>as Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins>''' This condition develops under persistent insulin exposure when the liver accumulates fat due to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">excess sugar and starch</ins>. This fatty liver is insulin resistant which leads to abnormalities in liver function. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The common terms used to be nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (</ins>NAFLD<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) where </ins>there is little or no inflammation or liver cell damage<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and the more progressed version of NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (</ins>NASH<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) when </ins>there is inflammation and liver cell damage in addition to fat in the liver<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. But while NAFLD stated that the liver injury was not alcohol-related it did not capture its causality, thus the more current terms: MASLD replacing NAFLD and MASH Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis replacing NASH</ins>. A fatty liver can precede Type 2 diabetes. A fatty liver is insulin resistant, so it’s not regulated by insulin appropriately, as a result throughout the night the liver secretes more and more glucose even though the body doesn't need it. When people with fatty liver wake up in the morning they will have high glucose even though they haven’t eaten for 8-10 hours. When the liver tries to decompress itself from fat, it makes triglycerides through '''de novo lipogenesis'''. A person with high triglycerides, low HDL, and small dense LDLs is likely to have fatty liver even if they are a lean/normal weight person. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868960 Højland Ipsen D, et al., 2016])</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''TOFI''' – Thin Outside, Fat Inside. Also known as '''Skinny Fat''' or '''Metabolically Obese Normal Weight (MONW)'''. These are people who have a limited ability to store fat. They look thin, have acceptable Body Mass Index (BMI) level, but since they have limited capacity to store fat they can be horribly insulin resistant or T2 diabetic. It’s been hypothesized that everyone has a '''Personal Fat Threshold''' (PFT). When that PFT is exceeded, the development of T2D is likely. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25515001 Taylor R, Holman RR, 2015]) Conversely, there’s also a small percentage of obese people who, through a process called '''hyperplasia''', just develop additional adipocytes (fat cells), thereby not reaching a PFT or developing insulin resistance or T2D. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''TOFI''' – Thin Outside, Fat Inside. Also known as '''Skinny Fat''' or '''Metabolically Obese Normal Weight (MONW)'''. These are people who have a limited ability to store fat. They look thin, have acceptable Body Mass Index (BMI) level, but since they have limited capacity to store fat they can be horribly insulin resistant or T2 diabetic. It’s been hypothesized that everyone has a '''Personal Fat Threshold''' (PFT). When that PFT is exceeded, the development of T2D is likely. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25515001 Taylor R, Holman RR, 2015]) Conversely, there’s also a small percentage of obese people who, through a process called '''hyperplasia''', just develop additional adipocytes (fat cells), thereby not reaching a PFT or developing insulin resistance or T2D. </div></td></tr>
</table>Theresabhttps://wiki.apoe4.info/w/index.php?title=Insulin_Resistance&diff=3744&oldid=prevTheresab: added link to gut microbiome wiki2021-03-14T19:40:50Z<p>added link to gut microbiome wiki</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Avoid added sugar ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Avoid added sugar ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Do not replace sugar with artificial sweeteners, because they are equally bad for you (see Gut Microbiome below). Unfortunately, avoiding sugar is easier said than done because sugars are everywhere in processed food, so a surprisingly large amount may be ingested without realization.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Do not replace sugar with artificial sweeteners, because they are equally bad for you (see Gut Microbiome below <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and [[https://wiki.apoe4.info/wiki/Gut-Brain_Connection:_Leaky_Gut/Leaky_Brain,_Microbiome_(gut_bugs)| Gut-Brain Connection: Leaky Gut/Leaky Brain, Microbiome (gut bugs)]]</ins>). Unfortunately, avoiding sugar is easier said than done because sugars are everywhere in processed food, so a surprisingly large amount may be ingested without realization.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sugar is not always labeled as such. Other names include sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose, dextrose, molasses, hydrolyzed starch, honey, invert sugar, cane sugar, glucose-fructose, high fructose corn syrup, brown sugar, corn sweetener, rice/ corn/ cane/ maple/ malt/ golden/ palm syrup, agave nectar, and evaporated cane juice. These aliases conceal the presence of large amounts of added sugars.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sugar is not always labeled as such. Other names include sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose, dextrose, molasses, hydrolyzed starch, honey, invert sugar, cane sugar, glucose-fructose, high fructose corn syrup, brown sugar, corn sweetener, rice/ corn/ cane/ maple/ malt/ golden/ palm syrup, agave nectar, and evaporated cane juice. These aliases conceal the presence of large amounts of added sugars.</div></td></tr>
</table>Theresabhttps://wiki.apoe4.info/w/index.php?title=Insulin_Resistance&diff=3723&oldid=prevTheresab: ADDED just published paper on prediabetes and cognition2021-02-20T17:16:33Z<p>ADDED just published paper on prediabetes and cognition</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since 2008, there has been much additional research, and the link between between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and insulin resistance is even stronger. Some studies and their quotes:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since 2008, there has been much additional research, and the link between between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and insulin resistance is even stronger. Some studies and their quotes:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*'''Prediabetes Is Associated With Brain Hypometabolism and Cognitive Decline in a Sex-Dependent Manner: A Longitudinal Study of Nondemented Older Adults''' </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2021.551975/full (Erin E. Sundermann et al, 19 Feb 2021)]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">::Results suggest that prediabetes may affect cognition through altered brain metabolism, and that women may be more vulnerable to the negative effects of glucose intolerance.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Midlife insulin resistance, APOE genotype, and late-life brain amyloid accumulation''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5880630/ (Laura L. Ekblad, MD et al, 2018)], from Results:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Midlife insulin resistance, APOE genotype, and late-life brain amyloid accumulation''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5880630/ (Laura L. Ekblad, MD et al, 2018)], from Results:</div></td></tr>
</table>Theresabhttps://wiki.apoe4.info/w/index.php?title=Insulin_Resistance&diff=3699&oldid=prevTheresab: added link referencing gut-brain wiki2021-02-14T23:43:01Z<p>added link referencing gut-brain wiki</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The intestines are filled with gut bacteria which if imbalanced or decimated can affect a wide spectrum of mental, cognitive, and physical issues in the body. There are “good bugs” and “bad bugs.” The challenge is to encourage the good bugs and minimize the bad bugs. Obese individuals, who tend to suffer from insulin resistance, present different proportions of bugs compared with lean individuals. Modern medical drugs (antibiotics, common pain killers (NSAIDS) inadvertently destroy/imbalance the gut biome. Artificial sweeteners appear to change the population of intestinal bacteria. Studies have found they kill gut flora and make mice more glucose intolerant. Prebiotics and probiotics help to repopulate the gut, but this can take time, from months to years depending on the initial state. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The intestines are filled with gut bacteria which if imbalanced or decimated can affect a wide spectrum of mental, cognitive, and physical issues in the body. There are “good bugs” and “bad bugs.” The challenge is to encourage the good bugs and minimize the bad bugs. Obese individuals, who tend to suffer from insulin resistance, present different proportions of bugs compared with lean individuals. Modern medical drugs (antibiotics, common pain killers (NSAIDS) inadvertently destroy/imbalance the gut biome. Artificial sweeteners appear to change the population of intestinal bacteria. Studies have found they kill gut flora and make mice more glucose intolerant. Prebiotics and probiotics help to repopulate the gut, but this can take time, from months to years depending on the initial state. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The gut biome is a comprehensive subject with ramifications beyond just insulin resistance. Sticking to the subject of insulin resistance, here are some references:</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The gut biome is a comprehensive subject with ramifications beyond just insulin resistance. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(For more info see [[Gut-Brain Connection: Leaky Gut/Leaky Brain, Microbiome (gut bugs)]]) </ins>Sticking to the subject of insulin resistance, here are some references:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705322/ Andrea M. Caricilli and Mario J. A. Saad, 2013. The Role of Gut Microbiota on Insulin Resistance]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705322/ Andrea M. Caricilli and Mario J. A. Saad, 2013. The Role of Gut Microbiota on Insulin Resistance]</div></td></tr>
</table>Theresabhttps://wiki.apoe4.info/w/index.php?title=Insulin_Resistance&diff=3698&oldid=prevTheresab: fixed broken link2021-02-14T23:39:50Z<p>fixed broken link</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other References:<br /></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other References:<br /></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http</del>://www.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cell</del>.com/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cell-metabolism</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pdf</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">S1550-4131(16)30250-9.pdf Valter D. Longo, Satchidananda Panda, 2016. </del>Fasting, Circadian Rhythms, and Time-Restricted Feeding in Healthy Lifespan]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">https</ins>://www.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sciencedirect</ins>.com/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">science/article</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pii</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">S1550413116302509 </ins>Fasting, Circadian Rhythms, and Time-Restricted Feeding in Healthy Lifespan] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Valter D.Longo and Satchidananda Panda, 14 Jun 2016)</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Don’t overdo the protein === </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Don’t overdo the protein === </div></td></tr>
</table>Theresabhttps://wiki.apoe4.info/w/index.php?title=Insulin_Resistance&diff=3497&oldid=prevTheresab: added Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) as aka to NAFLD2020-09-27T16:58:10Z<p>added Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) as aka to NAFLD</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Gluconeogenesis''' – The process of turning non-carbohydrate sources (such as protein) into glucose within the body. Primarily occurs in the liver. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Gluconeogenesis''' – The process of turning non-carbohydrate sources (such as protein) into glucose within the body. Primarily occurs in the liver. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)''' – Also referred to as '''Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)''' after the condition progresses. This condition develops under persistent insulin exposure when the liver accumulates fat (not due to alcohol). This fatty liver is insulin resistant which leads to abnormalities in liver function. In NAFLD there is little or no inflammation or liver cell damage. In NASH there is inflammation and liver cell damage in addition to fat in the liver. A fatty liver can precede Type 2 diabetes. A fatty liver is insulin resistant, so it’s not regulated by insulin appropriately, as a result throughout the night the liver secretes more and more glucose even though the body doesn't need it. When people with fatty liver wake up in the morning they will have high glucose even though they haven’t eaten for 8-10 hours. When the liver tries to decompress itself from fat, it makes triglycerides through '''de novo lipogenesis'''. A person with high triglycerides, low HDL, and small dense LDLs is likely to have fatty liver even if they are a lean/normal weight person. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868960 Højland Ipsen D, et al., 2016])</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)''' – Also referred to as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD)''' or </ins>'''Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)''' after the condition progresses. This condition develops under persistent insulin exposure when the liver accumulates fat (not due to alcohol). This fatty liver is insulin resistant which leads to abnormalities in liver function. In NAFLD there is little or no inflammation or liver cell damage. In NASH there is inflammation and liver cell damage in addition to fat in the liver. A fatty liver can precede Type 2 diabetes. A fatty liver is insulin resistant, so it’s not regulated by insulin appropriately, as a result throughout the night the liver secretes more and more glucose even though the body doesn't need it. When people with fatty liver wake up in the morning they will have high glucose even though they haven’t eaten for 8-10 hours. When the liver tries to decompress itself from fat, it makes triglycerides through '''de novo lipogenesis'''. A person with high triglycerides, low HDL, and small dense LDLs is likely to have fatty liver even if they are a lean/normal weight person. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868960 Højland Ipsen D, et al., 2016])</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''TOFI''' – Thin Outside, Fat Inside. Also known as '''Skinny Fat''' or '''Metabolically Obese Normal Weight (MONW)'''. These are people who have a limited ability to store fat. They look thin, have acceptable Body Mass Index (BMI) level, but since they have limited capacity to store fat they can be horribly insulin resistant or T2 diabetic. It’s been hypothesized that everyone has a '''Personal Fat Threshold''' (PFT). When that PFT is exceeded, the development of T2D is likely. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25515001 Taylor R, Holman RR, 2015]) Conversely, there’s also a small percentage of obese people who, through a process called '''hyperplasia''', just develop additional adipocytes (fat cells), thereby not reaching a PFT or developing insulin resistance or T2D. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''TOFI''' – Thin Outside, Fat Inside. Also known as '''Skinny Fat''' or '''Metabolically Obese Normal Weight (MONW)'''. These are people who have a limited ability to store fat. They look thin, have acceptable Body Mass Index (BMI) level, but since they have limited capacity to store fat they can be horribly insulin resistant or T2 diabetic. It’s been hypothesized that everyone has a '''Personal Fat Threshold''' (PFT). When that PFT is exceeded, the development of T2D is likely. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25515001 Taylor R, Holman RR, 2015]) Conversely, there’s also a small percentage of obese people who, through a process called '''hyperplasia''', just develop additional adipocytes (fat cells), thereby not reaching a PFT or developing insulin resistance or T2D. </div></td></tr>
</table>Theresabhttps://wiki.apoe4.info/w/index.php?title=Insulin_Resistance&diff=3392&oldid=prevTheresab: added Metabolically Obese to TOFI2019-12-02T11:53:05Z<p>added Metabolically Obese to TOFI</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:53, 2 December 2019</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)''' – Also referred to as '''Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)''' after the condition progresses. This condition develops under persistent insulin exposure when the liver accumulates fat (not due to alcohol). This fatty liver is insulin resistant which leads to abnormalities in liver function. In NAFLD there is little or no inflammation or liver cell damage. In NASH there is inflammation and liver cell damage in addition to fat in the liver. A fatty liver can precede Type 2 diabetes. A fatty liver is insulin resistant, so it’s not regulated by insulin appropriately, as a result throughout the night the liver secretes more and more glucose even though the body doesn't need it. When people with fatty liver wake up in the morning they will have high glucose even though they haven’t eaten for 8-10 hours. When the liver tries to decompress itself from fat, it makes triglycerides through '''de novo lipogenesis'''. A person with high triglycerides, low HDL, and small dense LDLs is likely to have fatty liver even if they are a lean/normal weight person. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868960 Højland Ipsen D, et al., 2016])</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)''' – Also referred to as '''Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)''' after the condition progresses. This condition develops under persistent insulin exposure when the liver accumulates fat (not due to alcohol). This fatty liver is insulin resistant which leads to abnormalities in liver function. In NAFLD there is little or no inflammation or liver cell damage. In NASH there is inflammation and liver cell damage in addition to fat in the liver. A fatty liver can precede Type 2 diabetes. A fatty liver is insulin resistant, so it’s not regulated by insulin appropriately, as a result throughout the night the liver secretes more and more glucose even though the body doesn't need it. When people with fatty liver wake up in the morning they will have high glucose even though they haven’t eaten for 8-10 hours. When the liver tries to decompress itself from fat, it makes triglycerides through '''de novo lipogenesis'''. A person with high triglycerides, low HDL, and small dense LDLs is likely to have fatty liver even if they are a lean/normal weight person. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868960 Højland Ipsen D, et al., 2016])</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''TOFI''' – Thin Outside, Fat Inside. Also known as '''Skinny Fat'''. These are people who have a limited ability to store fat. They look thin, have acceptable Body Mass Index (BMI) level, but since they have limited capacity to store fat they can be horribly insulin resistant or T2 diabetic. It’s been hypothesized that everyone has a '''Personal Fat Threshold''' (PFT). When that PFT is exceeded, the development of T2D is likely. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25515001 Taylor R, Holman RR, 2015]) Conversely, there’s also a small percentage of obese people who, through a process called '''hyperplasia''', just develop additional adipocytes (fat cells), thereby not reaching a PFT or developing insulin resistance or T2D. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''TOFI''' – Thin Outside, Fat Inside. Also known as '''Skinny Fat<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' or '''Metabolically Obese Normal Weight (MONW)</ins>'''. These are people who have a limited ability to store fat. They look thin, have acceptable Body Mass Index (BMI) level, but since they have limited capacity to store fat they can be horribly insulin resistant or T2 diabetic. It’s been hypothesized that everyone has a '''Personal Fat Threshold''' (PFT). When that PFT is exceeded, the development of T2D is likely. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25515001 Taylor R, Holman RR, 2015]) Conversely, there’s also a small percentage of obese people who, through a process called '''hyperplasia''', just develop additional adipocytes (fat cells), thereby not reaching a PFT or developing insulin resistance or T2D. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Hemoglobin A1c''' – More commonly referred to as '''HbA1c''' or just '''A1c'''. This is a blood test which measures the average level of blood sugar (glucose) over the past 2 to 3 months. In addition to factoring in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) and an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), the [http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diagnosis/ American Diabetes Association] says </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Hemoglobin A1c''' – More commonly referred to as '''HbA1c''' or just '''A1c'''. This is a blood test which measures the average level of blood sugar (glucose) over the past 2 to 3 months. In addition to factoring in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) and an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), the [http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diagnosis/ American Diabetes Association] says </div></td></tr>
</table>Theresabhttps://wiki.apoe4.info/w/index.php?title=Insulin_Resistance&diff=3295&oldid=prevTheresab: added graphic on IR tests2019-09-14T14:11:49Z<p>added graphic on IR tests</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:11, 14 September 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l135">Line 135:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)''' – Also referred to as '''Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)''' after the condition progresses. This condition develops under persistent insulin exposure when the liver accumulates fat (not due to alcohol). This fatty liver is insulin resistant which leads to abnormalities in liver function. In NAFLD there is little or no inflammation or liver cell damage. In NASH there is inflammation and liver cell damage in addition to fat in the liver. A fatty liver can precede Type 2 diabetes. A fatty liver is insulin resistant, so it’s not regulated by insulin appropriately, as a result throughout the night the liver secretes more and more glucose even though the body doesn't need it. When people with fatty liver wake up in the morning they will have high glucose even though they haven’t eaten for 8-10 hours. When the liver tries to decompress itself from fat, it makes triglycerides through '''de novo lipogenesis'''. A person with high triglycerides, low HDL, and small dense LDLs is likely to have fatty liver even if they are a lean/normal weight person. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868960 Højland Ipsen D, et al., 2016])</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)''' – Also referred to as '''Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)''' after the condition progresses. This condition develops under persistent insulin exposure when the liver accumulates fat (not due to alcohol). This fatty liver is insulin resistant which leads to abnormalities in liver function. In NAFLD there is little or no inflammation or liver cell damage. In NASH there is inflammation and liver cell damage in addition to fat in the liver. A fatty liver can precede Type 2 diabetes. A fatty liver is insulin resistant, so it’s not regulated by insulin appropriately, as a result throughout the night the liver secretes more and more glucose even though the body doesn't need it. When people with fatty liver wake up in the morning they will have high glucose even though they haven’t eaten for 8-10 hours. When the liver tries to decompress itself from fat, it makes triglycerides through '''de novo lipogenesis'''. A person with high triglycerides, low HDL, and small dense LDLs is likely to have fatty liver even if they are a lean/normal weight person. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868960 Højland Ipsen D, et al., 2016])</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''TOFI''' – Thin Outside, Fat Inside. These are people who have a limited ability to store fat. They look thin, have acceptable Body Mass Index (BMI) level, but since they have limited capacity to store fat they can be horribly insulin resistant or T2 diabetic. It’s been hypothesized that everyone has a '''Personal Fat Threshold''' (PFT). When that PFT is exceeded, the development of T2D is likely. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25515001 Taylor R, Holman RR, 2015]) Conversely, there’s also a small percentage of obese people who, through a process called '''hyperplasia''', just develop additional adipocytes (fat cells), thereby not reaching a PFT or developing insulin resistance or T2D. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''TOFI''' – Thin Outside, Fat Inside. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Also known as '''Skinny Fat'''. </ins>These are people who have a limited ability to store fat. They look thin, have acceptable Body Mass Index (BMI) level, but since they have limited capacity to store fat they can be horribly insulin resistant or T2 diabetic. It’s been hypothesized that everyone has a '''Personal Fat Threshold''' (PFT). When that PFT is exceeded, the development of T2D is likely. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25515001 Taylor R, Holman RR, 2015]) Conversely, there’s also a small percentage of obese people who, through a process called '''hyperplasia''', just develop additional adipocytes (fat cells), thereby not reaching a PFT or developing insulin resistance or T2D. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Hemoglobin A1c''' – More commonly referred to as '''HbA1c''' or just '''A1c'''. This is a blood test which measures the average level of blood sugar (glucose) over the past 2 to 3 months. In addition to factoring in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) and an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), the [http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diagnosis/ American Diabetes Association] says </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Hemoglobin A1c''' – More commonly referred to as '''HbA1c''' or just '''A1c'''. This is a blood test which measures the average level of blood sugar (glucose) over the past 2 to 3 months. In addition to factoring in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) and an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), the [http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diagnosis/ American Diabetes Association] says </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It can also be noted that the American College of Physicians graded the guidelines that organizations have cited for HbA1c based on rigor of their development and the American Diabetes Association rated poorly in their evaluation. See Appendix Table 1. From [https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2674121/hemoglobin-1c-targets-glycemic-control-pharmacologic-therapy-nonpregnant-adults-type Hemoglobin A1c Targets for Glycemic Control With Pharmacologic Therapy for Nonpregnant Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Guidance Statement Update From the American College of Physicians]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It can also be noted that the American College of Physicians graded the guidelines that organizations have cited for HbA1c based on rigor of their development and the American Diabetes Association rated poorly in their evaluation. See Appendix Table 1. From [https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2674121/hemoglobin-1c-targets-glycemic-control-pharmacologic-therapy-nonpregnant-adults-type Hemoglobin A1c Targets for Glycemic Control With Pharmacologic Therapy for Nonpregnant Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Guidance Statement Update From the American College of Physicians]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:IR tests.JPG|50px|framed|right|Tests to determine Insulin Resistance, taken from Dr Georgia Ede's blog, Diagnosis: Diet https://www.diagnosisdiet.com/how-to-diagnose-prevent-and-treat-insulin-resistance/]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''HOMA-IR''' – Short for Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, commonly referred to in medical literature. This is a method used to quantify insulin resistance and beta-cell function. It is calculated by taking the fasting glucose times fasting insulin divided by 405. (FG x FI/405) Desired range: 1.0 or lower. Over 2.5 is insulin resistance. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''HOMA-IR''' – Short for Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, commonly referred to in medical literature. This is a method used to quantify insulin resistance and beta-cell function. It is calculated by taking the fasting glucose times fasting insulin divided by 405. (FG x FI/405) Desired range: 1.0 or lower. Over 2.5 is insulin resistance. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Type 3 Diabetes''' – Not a medically recognized type of diabetes but an informal term for Alzheimer’s. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Type 3 Diabetes''' – Not a medically recognized type of diabetes but an informal term for Alzheimer’s. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Fasting Plasma Glucose <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(FPG)</del>''' - (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">also known as Fasting Glucose</del>) This test checks blood glucose levels after fasting, in other words after not having anything to eat or drink (except water) for at least 8 hours before the test.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fasting Insulin''' - A test that measures the amount of insulin in the blood after fasting (not eating anything for at least 8 hours). Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to elevated blood glucose after a meal, it should return to low levels after processing the glucose. If fasting insulin is high but fasting glucose is normal or slightly elevated, it typically reflects insulin resistance. If fasting insulin is low but fasting glucose is high, it reflects that the pancreas can't make enough insulin as in diabetes or pancreatitis.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Fasting Glucose, Fasting Blood Glucose, </ins>Fasting Plasma Glucose''' - (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">different terms for the same test</ins>) This test checks blood glucose levels after fasting, in other words after not having anything to eat or drink (except water) for at least 8 hours before the test.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Postprandial Glucose Test''' - Determines the amount of glucose (blood sugar) after a meal (postprandial). Blood glucose levels increase after eating, this is normal. A 2-hour postprandial blood glucose test measures blood glucose exactly 2 hours after eating a meal, timed from the start of the meal. By this point blood sugar has usually gone back down in healthy people, but it may still be elevated in people with diabetes.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Postprandial Glucose Test''' - Determines the amount of glucose (blood sugar) after a meal (postprandial). Blood glucose levels increase after eating, this is normal. A 2-hour postprandial blood glucose test measures blood glucose exactly 2 hours after eating a meal, timed from the start of the meal. By this point blood sugar has usually gone back down in healthy people, but it may still be elevated in people with diabetes.</div></td></tr>
</table>Theresab